primarily relations among men and men

2005-11-29 17:32:55
medium and small
three causes of the same sex
(a) early on the causes of the same sex in archaic Egyptian archaeological objects found in, there is homosexual behavior patterns, but logical thinking homosexual relationships, opening in antique Greece. the history of human thought in ancient Greece made famous contributions to the development of the thinkers, the great philosopher Plato (BC 437 - before 347) of the same sex conducted in-depth explanation of the relationship that the homosexual relationship is a moral phenomenon. In his early assumption, the same-sex sexual narratives are entirely sure (in ancient Greek aristocrats and commoners,beijing escort, men and male relationships is an important complement to sexual relations between men and women , the significance of not less than the relationship between men and women combined); but in his later thought, the status of relations between men and men are Bianchu. At the time, it is generally thought same-sex sexual relations is a freely chosen by the haphazard ecology of private relationships. homosexual relations, especially relations between men and men, were demonized in the Middle Ages (ie, as a result of demon possession) .15 century Renaissance led theocracy theocratic type emblem. With the fashion the emergence of homosexual activity and the gradual moral rather than demonized.
19 century, leaves late start, based on 10 centuries of savage battle (including the flaming death discipline) does not make homosexuals the fancy of psychological change, the morale of the medical profession and the European Judicial some of the early sexologists who first of all to the same sex as a special population, and given, accepted and commonly accustomed appoint the same sex that would be the ailment of (pathology of the) , finds that it is a psychological disorder (sexual deviancy, sexual abnormality, mental disorder, psychosis). Meanwhile, early sexuality, founder of the European morale of the famous physician of Justice Kraft - Ai Bin (RichardVonKrafft-Ebing, 1840 -1902) in the late 19th century that the same sex and genetic factors, this Bloch (IwanBloch ,1872-1922), psychoanalysis (psychodynamic), founder of Freud (SigmundFreud ,1856-1939) and so on to the same sex and most influential paperback of the disease. which Freud stressed, is an acquired psychological upbringing and development of environment, so that the individual to become homosexuals. them about the causes of the same sex in the 20th century learned thought prevail most of the time, and by far our nation has a significant impact on the medical profession. But In the early 20th century, founder of psychology Ellis (HenryHavelockEllis ,1858-1939) under a variety of animals, higher animals scholars, including primates observations, some anthropologists and many of the same sex that were the actual survey, made the same sex is not a ailment but a normal variation of the point of view, and indicate the phenomenon of the same sex occur in humans and higher animals there is the interlock between. known as the magnificent pioneer of science Dermatology Home Hirschfeld (MagnusHirschfeld ,1868-1935) was the first to point out that homosexuals are normal people with one of the scientists, and he made it remove that the causes of the same sex and individual brain building and a genetic factor related.
20 Century the early stage of the research aboard the causes of the same sex is acquiring more consideration. Some medical experts as the purpose of changing the sexual orientation with sex, begin by tentative handling and general survey to explore the causes of the same sex .20 mid-century, especially in the 1970s industrialized countries starting with the sexual activities of the open society and the 1980s found that gay men in the AIDS pestilence seriously, after the discussion above the causes of the same sex in the international chance a commonplace. Currently, the research focused on 2 major conclusions. One of the biological factors determine the sexual orientation by holding this knowledge is mainly biologists, in particular the medical career; secondly early first individual, principally the living conditions of early infancy experiences molded alternatively sexual orientation, Second, the early accent on the individual has a major affect sexual experience. As these outlooks have a lot of evidence exists,beijing escort, many scholars have identified the formation of sexual orientation is chiefly based on the establishment in biology, while the individual experiences of early infancy have a major role in . In adding, some social scientists punctuate the power of shaping the social and cultural functions determine the sexual orientation. In this regard, Seaberg et al (1984) pointed out that gay sexual orientation is not a easy genetic-related special, gradual, can be characteristic functions, it is the mutual train of people and feelingful rendition of 1 of the driving forces. sexual orientation development has variability, accordingly making the human presumable to be the same sex. This variability may be the complexity of the chief nervous system, studying ability and the flexibility of the general behavior of the results of the 3 co-evolution.
should be noted that the early 20th century began to scatter, the mid 20th century and in the international academic community is still dominant in China extensive spread of the classic Freudian point of view, such as the mid-20th century, the growth was generally preferred in the their own interpretation put forward in terms of some of the same sex who is the
(b) of the same sex to annotate the causes of biological sex on the causes of a biological root with the discovery can be roughly classified as biological instinct, genetic factors, differences in factors such as sex hormones and brain types.
from 19 century to the present, scholars scrutinized that a kind of animals, animal, including the existence of some single-sex partners have sex with animals. which in some animals, the proportion of same-sex sexual behavior and the human condition have some analogy. For sample, females in the United States, California Gull, 5% only with the same sex together. They work out single during the breeding season, after mating with male gulls that females paired homing gulls and common life and common gull hatching brood. During this period, ordinarily a female as a male gull gull foraging tasks undertaken, the two maintained a quite strong female gulls same-sex partnerships. estrus in sheep, and 6% in the number of estrous ewes rams living environment, but only as a mate choice rams.
some scholars hereby affirm the phenomenon of human sex with animals, but a reflection of the subsistence of same-sex sexual instinct, and that this is a common human and other animals. Wilson, founder of sociobiology in the 1970s in this regard that: All animals are often outside the emergence of heterosexual and homosexual sex coexistence. which animals have sex with the opposite sex can be discerned in the presence of animals, and animals exist in the deficiency of the inverse sex, same-sex sexual behavior occurred more frequently . this animal sex with youth males in the most common. Generally speaking the more advanced on the evolutionary sequence of animals, their patterns of sexual self-stimulation and the more extensive the more.
narrated to genetic factors The research focuses on homosexuals in the same environment on the growth of twins (twin) of research. Back in the mid 20th century had discovered the twins, if one person is the same sex who sex with another person who is the probability is many higher than the general population. test Germain (1952) on 85, one of the twins as gay men and their twin brother in-depth inspection. the 85 twins, 40 pairs are monozygotic twins,apt be silence in the field, 45 pairs are dizygotic twins. test Mann found that monozygotic twins are the same sex if one person, variant person must also be,shanghai massage, and they have exactly the same degree of sexual orientation. dizygotic twins in one case the same sex, its only 40% of twins. His research leads to an important conclusion: the same sex sexual orientation and sexual behavior is not related to genetic factors.
test Mann's research was supported by Hess Dayton et al (1968) to validation. They further noted that the event of monozygotic twins with sex, that they not only have the same tendency with the sex, and they partner with their same-sex sexual movement and sexual behavior are prodigious to very similar. even if homosexuals did not understand the twins of the same sex acts, and even in them there is no accident of understanding each other.
sexual orientation for the same genetic sex may be, Wilson 1970 pointed out that the presence of the same sex who makes their next of family may rebuild more offspring, because their next of kin with homosexuals can invest particularly valuable assistance, so that the family be superior likened to the general living conditions and higher fertility. This leads to the family of the relative increase in gene allocation, part of which is the gay gene. Results The aggregate number of people potentially gay tendencies. This is antagonism the quality of the same sex are even no offsprings, and their genes may be passed down through the parallel offshoot of the cause. Wilson further speculated that the same sex as the genetic tendency to be discerned as more genetic predisposition in many human characteristics, these may not be completely genetic predisposition to show it. the same level of sexual performance of a genetic predisposition, depends on the family and the environment, and early sexual experience, sexual experience. In other words, the major genes identified with the sex of a possibility that individuals carrying the gene under appropriate conditions into the same cozy sex.
Eckert et al (1986) 55 Jibei of ego detach from the custody of the baby's adult monozygotic twins conducted a survey on sexual orientation in array to determine the occurrence of the same sex and genetic factors, environmental factors ( monozygotic twins are genetically the same, but separate from the living environment is different when raising) of the relationship. this group of twins in which one or both are the same / dual sex were a total of 6 pairs. which if a man is in male homosexuals the other must also be, suggesting the occurrence of male homosexuals may affect genes; women is not, a person who is gay, another person may not, suggesting that women may be the same sex is an acquired feature.
Barui Qi et al (1991) 95-on-one adult twins and 63 couples of egg dizygotic twins causes of sexual orientation and in-depth study found that in monozygotic twins were significantly the same sex more than twice egg twins. to genetic factors and environmental factors on the formation of their sexual orientation, further relative analysis shows that the role of sexual orientation to a greater amplitude determined by genetic factors, there are international scholars In 1991 found the same incidence of sex and important evidence of genetic factors, they three gay men and their dual brothers or unrelated to the study. The first group of 56 people, is one of monozygotic twins, 52% of its dual brothers folk are homosexuals; the second group of 54 human, all belonging to one of dizygotic twins,shanghai massage, the twin sibling who is 22% of homosexuals; third group of 57 people, and their sibling was accepted, only 11% people are homosexuals. The researchers noted that, while not excluding family environment, teaching and social impact suffered by obtained factors such as the formation of the role of sexual orientation with sex, but those three brothers with sex sex with a meaningful incidence of differences, recommending that sex happened in the same genes melodrama an important role. It is considered that the emergence of the same sex sexual orientation is about 70% of the outcome of genes, future research converge is to ascertain and nail which one or a set of genes exists.
sex with some scholars who also behaved a survey of family members. Pila De et al (1982) investigated the 50 25-35 year-old unmarried gay men and 50 heterosexual men, the survey questionnaire , testing and interviews behaved to understand their family situation. It was found that male sex group and offshoot of the same male relatives of the same sex were significantly higher than that of male heterosexual group. brother of gay men, about 25% people are also homosexuals, but their sisters and female relatives in the offshoot of the incidence of the same sex is not high.
Blanchard et al (1992) for men and women suffering from Gender Dysphoria homosexuals, and men The 585 heterosexual brothers and sisters (bring an end to ...25 years) history of matrimony and sexual condition were investigated. It was found that gay men brother group, created with the opposite sex, if valid or unlawful, who marital , were significantly smaller than the proportion of female homosexuals and male heterosexuals group. The findings suggest that gay men's sexual orientation is heterosexual brothers, there are a relating lack of amuse on the opposite tendency. cloth Lan Chad and investigated the risk of misgiving disorders sex siblings of the same sex are the number and sex ratio (male to female ratio), the brothers and sisters born in the ranks and age of the parents, both heterosexual message in this regard as a control. the survey, including 193 gay men, 204 women with 273 male homosexuals and heterosexuals. It was found that male sex group with the number of brothers and sisters were significantly more than female same sex group, which was significantly and more men and heterosexual groups. gay brothers and sisters in the group sex, male to female ratio was 130:100, significantly more than men and heterosexual groups and lesbian sex group (either 106:100); gay men in the brothers and sisters The ranking was also significantly fewer than heterosexual. women's ranking with sex between gay men and heterosexual sex group and between groups. The survey also found that sexual orientation and individual neutral of parental old just now.
have been many animal experiments proved that the pituitary and sex hormones on sex differences in differentiation of the hypothalamus plays an important role, this role may affect an individual's future behavior. Experiments show that injection of the uterus to productive rats can be curious to alteration the offspring sex hormones subsequent sexual behavior, including injecting male hormones make the future a high proportion of descendant emerged homosexual sex. Some modern research suggests that prenatal hypothalamic function (hypothalamus has control of many important functional role in the body and retain the endocrine and the equilibrium between emotion) on the individual's sexual future status in adulthood may have a significant role. in the critical period of fetal development, if the equilibrium of endocrine disorders, individuals will be severely affected in the future, even if the individual's reproductive apparatuses and the subsequent development of regular individuals normal endocrine.
the factors related with sex causes a certain point of view, in the 1980s was merely a small number of scholars prior to permission. a lusty supporter of this view to continuing research in this space almost 30 years of noted German Endocrinologists Road Nadu characterized. Road Nadu 1960's found in beast experiments, the critical stage of mouse embryonic development if there are masculine hormones, especially testosterone deficiency, can affect one individual's sexual behavior the daytime after tomorrow. He Animals Experimental results indicated that: the fetal brain is mainly affected by the impact of sex hormones which determine the individual's future sexual orientation. Road Nadu experiment has been repeated and confirmed by some scholars. Road Nadu that if the man (male) fetus than to get lofty the impact of testosterone levels, merely mainly by the motherly ovaries from the effects of estrogen in the fetal brain will be amenable, so that the fetal sex for the same type; contrast, high concentration of testosterone in the male under the influence of (male) fetus is developing into a heterosexual type. petticoat (female) fetus whether exposed to high concentrations of testosterone, the fetus will amplify into the type of the same sex. This hypothesis has been supported by some scholars since .1980, merely also Some scholars have expressed advocate for fetal exposure to sex hormones influence sexual orientation and future studies. If Monie et al (1984) of 30 underwent from congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the treatment of matrons carried out a study and found that this team women, the occurrence of the same sex (up to 37%) distant more than women in general. Sihamoni so that the results of this study strongly support the women in the prenatal time of brain sexual development of male sex and with the casualty of this hypothesis.
Monie et al (1987) Influence of sex hormones on the fetus and the future of the relationship between sexual orientation that the issue of sub-primate fetal injection of sex hormones in the experiment has been fully confirmed in the sexually adult males or females to mate , relying on the fetal brain by which animal hormones. in primates, especially humans, fetal sex hormones and the birth of the individual with the community to play a role.
Canterbury et al (1991) also studied the same / dual sex and heterosexual love in the fetus while the mother's mental state to determine pregnancy suffer from mental stress and pressure on the future sexual orientation of the fetus. The results show that during pregnancy the mother suffered greater stress , gave birth to babies with more apparent femininity; but the size and intensity of mental stress suffered child's future sexual orientation has no straight relationship. Canterbury and others also found that gay men are quite obvious familial tendency, suggesting that the same sex and genetic causes of genetic and family environment-related.
put ahead the same sex in the fetal endocrine causes of brain differences caused by the tenet of the Road, Bernard et al (1991) detected that in the experiment to the same sex and heterosexual adore and their mama ACTH injection (ACTH), the same sex who hydrocortisone (F) precursor 21 - DNA hydrocortisone (21-DOF) mushroom blood levels of magnitude another from the heterosexual . of nine gay men and their mothers experiments showed that 8 of the mom and son after the injection of ACTH, the serum 21-DOF and 21 - DOF / F levels were significantly higher than controls. Another no 21 -DOF of the same sex were additional, emerged differ androsterone dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were significantly higher. Road Nadu and so in this regard that their research showed that sex differentiation depends on the brain tissue of the critical period of fetal development, sex hormones and neurotransmitters in vivo factor concentration. in the female fetus, the brain tissue by genetic or environmental factors guide to higher levels of male hormones, the future as the same individual / twin sex, or even the greater the likelihood of transsexuals, male fetus was the opposite. adrenal glands androgen excess, can cause genetic female infant sexuality and sexual role of the future occurrence of changes in behavior, this location can be due to 21 - hydroxylase deficiency, especially in the fetal enzyme deficiency, were heterozygous or homozygous for the formation of 21 - hydroxylase deficiency, causing women to the same sex and transsexual pre-determined by genetic mechanisms of androgen-dependent development. in the male child is nativity ahead the mother and the fetus suffered stress, pressure, and some elicited genetic changes can lead to testosterone deficiency, and thus the occurrence of sexual orientation and sexual roles of individual behavioral abnormalities. In the 1990s, about the causes of the same sex influential in the study of biology, is a neurologist Levy (1991 ) issued in Male heterosexual Ⅲ of the scope of cytoplasmic anterior hypothalamus (INAH-3) volume than gay men in the INAH-3 size more than 2 times larger, the two are quite significant differences, and gay men of INAH- 3 sizes with no difference between heterosexual women. analysis indicates that, INAH-3 size of the volume of the cause of death has nobody to do with the subjects. Levy noted that this discovery supports previous scholars have put forward the INAH-3 and sex of the individual and the individual sexual orientation (by fewest in the male is the case) of the hypothesis; it suggests that biology has a role in human sexual orientation. INAH based on the research of other scholars, the volume of INAH Levy that human creatures yet determined early in life, it Later affect individual behavior (sexual orientation), its role than other factors, a greater impact on human sexual behavior.
a recent sex and innate factors with the authority of technological reports published in the scientific community in 1998 found that the length of the individual fingers come into adjoin with the fetal period the level of male hormone, androgen exposure the higher the level, concordance finger, ring finger shorter. University of California researchers on the basis of 720 in San Francisco avenue person's sexual orientation , finger width of the survey (2000) found that male and female homosexuals in the index finger and ring finger length was significantly shorter than heterosexuals, which concluded with prenatal exposure to sex in the relatively high level of male hormones.
the widespread certify that the occasions of the same sex and biological ingredients, therapeutic research and clinical go in more than 70 annuals of renowned endocrinologist Armstrong controversies clearly asserted: the decision, and is a production of head gender. reproduction is the most important of all category of life functions. Nature is no feasible apt make sure the aptitude to amplify at the environment. sexual orientation and sexual behavior are genetically resolute, in higher species, It is likewise a gender difference identified in the head. individual psychological differences among sex and gender behavior is determined at biological elements. homosexuals, the biological factors played a determined role.